N. Dinesh Siva*, P. Natarajan, H. Ganesh, R. Kannan, R. Indhuja
Sankaralingam Bhuvaneswari College of Pharmacy, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India
*Address for Corresponding Author
N. Dinesh Siva
Department of Pharmacology,
Sankalingam Bhuvaneswari College of Pharmacy, Sivakasi, 626130
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of major neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The objective of this review is to critically summarize the causes, cellular and molecular mechanisms, and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering peer-reviewed articles published primarily between 2000 and 2024. The collected literature was systematically screened and analysed to identify experimental and clinical evidence related to inflammatory processes in neurodegeneration. Evidence indicates that chronic activation of glial cells, driven by environmental toxins, microbial infections, metabolic disorders, and genetic susceptibility, leads to sustained release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators, thereby accelerating neuronal damage. Conventional anti-inflammatory therapies provide limited benefits, prompting increased interest in novel disease-modifying approaches. Emerging strategies such as stem cell-based interventions, metabolic hormone-based therapies, and RNA-based therapeutics are showing promise by modulating inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative stress and enhancing neuroprotection. This review highlights recent advances in neuroinflammation research and discusses therapeutic approaches with the potential to alter disease progression in neurodegenerative disorders.
Keywords: Neuroinflammation, Neurodegenerative diseases microglial activation: GLP-1 receptor agonists: RNA-based therapeutics (microRNAs & Aptamers)
